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Artemis (; , ''Ártemis'', (:ár.te.mis)) was one of the most widely venerated of the Ancient Greek deities. Her Roman equivalent is Diana.〔''Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia'', The Book People, Haydock, 1995, p. 215.〕 Some scholars believe that the name, and indeed the goddess herself, was originally pre-Greek.〔Rose, H. J. ''A Handbook of Greek Mythology'', Dutton 1959, p. 112; Guthrie, W. C. K. ''The Greeks and Their Gods'', Beacon 1955, p. 99.〕 Homer refers to her as ''Artemis Agrotera, Potnia Theron'': "Artemis of the wildland, Mistress of Animals".〔Homer, ''Iliad xxi 470 f.〕 The Arcadians believed she was the daughter of Demeter.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Artemis )〕 In the classical period of Greek mythology, Artemis was often described as the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister of Apollo. She was the Hellenic goddess of the hunt, wild animals, wilderness, childbirth, virginity and protector of young girls, bringing and relieving disease in women; she often was depicted as a huntress carrying a bow and arrows.〔“Her proper sphere is the earth, and specifically the uncultivated parts, forests and hills, where wild beasts are plentiful" Hammond and Scullard (editors), ''The Oxford Classical Dictionary''. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970) 126.〕 The deer and the cypress were sacred to her. In later Hellenistic times, she even assumed the ancient role of Eileithyia in aiding childbirth. ==Etymology== The name Artemis (''noun'', ''feminine'') is of unknown or uncertain origin and etymology〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Artemis&allowed_in_frame=0 )〕〔 although various ones have been proposed.〔〔 For example, according to Jablonski,〔 the name is also Phrygian and could be "compared with the royal appellation ''Artemas'' of Xenophon. According to Charles Anthon the primitive root of the name is probably of Persian origin from *''arta'', *''art'', *''arte'', all meaning "great, excellent, holy," thus Artemis "becomes identical with the great mother of Nature, even as she was worshipped at Ephesus". Anton Goebel "suggests the root στρατ or ῥατ, "to shake," and makes Artemis mean the thrower of the dart or the shooter".〔 Babiniotis, while accepting that the etymology is unknown, states that the name is already attested in Mycenean Greek and is possibly of pre-Hellenic origin. The name could also be possibly related to Greek ''árktos'' "bear" (from PIE *''h₂ŕ̥tḱos''), supported by the bear cult that the goddess had in Attica (Brauronia) and the Neolithic remains at the Arkoudiotissa Cave, as well as the story about Callisto, which was originally about Artemis (Arcadian epithet ''kallisto'');〔Michaël Ripinsky-Naxon, ''The Nature of Shamanism: Substance and Function of a Religious Metaphor'' (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993), 32.〕 this cult was a survival of very old totemic and shamanistic rituals and formed part of a larger bear cult found further afield in other Indo-European cultures (e.g., Gaulish Artio). It is believed that a precursor of Artemis was worshiped in Minoan Crete as the goddess of mountains and hunting, Britomartis. While connection with Anatolian names has been suggested,〔Campanile, ''Ann. Scuola Pisa'' 28 :305; Restelli, ''Aevum'' 37 :307, 312.〕〔Edwin L. Brown, "In Search of Anatolian Apollo", ''Charis: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr'', ''Hesperia Supplements'' 33 (2004:243-257) p. 251: Artemis, as Apollo's inseparable twin, is discussed pp. 251ff.〕 the earliest attested forms of the name ''Artemis'' are the Mycenaean Greek , ''a-te-mi-to'' /Artemitos/ and , ''a-ti-mi-te'' /Artimitei/, written in Linear B at Pylos.〔John Chadwick and Lydia Baumbach, "The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary" ''Glotta, 41.3./4. (1963:157-271) p. 176f, ''s.v.'' Ἂρτεμις, ''a-te-mi-to-'' (genitive); C. Souvinous, "A-TE-MI-TO and A-TI-MI-TE", ''Kadmos'' 9 1970:42-47; T. Christidis, "Further remarks on A-TE-MI-TO and A-TI-MI-TE", ''Kadmos'' 11 :125-28; (Palaeolexicon ), Word study tool of ancient languages;〕 R. S. P. Beekes suggested that the ''e''/''i'' interchange points to a Pre-Greek origin.〔, ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 142.〕 Artemis was venerated in Lydia as ''Artimus''.〔''Indogermanica et Caucasica: Festschrift fur Karl Horst Schmidt zum 65. Geburtstag'' (Studies in Indo-European language and culture), W. de Gruyter, 1994, ''Etyma Graeca'', pp. 213–214, on (Google books ); Houwink ten Cate, ''The Luwian Population Groups of Lycia and Cilicia Aspera during the Hellenistic Period'' (Leiden) 1961:166, noted in this context by Brown 2004:252.〕 Ancient Greek writers, by way of folk etymology, and some modern scholars, have linked Artemis (Doric ''Artamis'') to ἄρταμος, ''artamos'', i.e. "butcher"〔.〕〔.〕 or, like Plato did in ''Cratylus'', to , ''artemḗs'', i.e. "safe", "unharmed", "uninjured", "pure", "the stainless maiden".〔〔.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Artemis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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